As enamored as I am with the word "proletariat," I must admit that ideologically speaking, I favor the establishment of the bourgeoisie--despite the plethora of "class antagonisms" that the latter supposedly creates. I find my identification with the bourgeois community to be humorous; I'm not attached to the "modern bourgeois" notion of private property, nor do I believe that the abolition of nations/nationality is an evil suggestion. No, what so irks me about the communist definition of the proletariat is that it denies the value of the individual to the greater community. "To be precise, it is...the negation of the individual as existent within the universal," Hegel argues. Therefore, according to Hegel, not only is the reality of the individual negligible when faced with the whole of collective human experience, but to acknowledge some value in this negligible entity is useless: "The sole work and deed of universal freedom is thus death...which has no inner amplitude and no inner fulfillment, since what is negated is the unfulfilled empty 'point' of the absolutely free self." Of course, no one wants a cold, empty death borne of individualism, so Marx and Engels wrote the manifesto for a society that could guarantee warm, full deaths for everyone.
One of the fundamental problems with Hegelian philosophy is that, like Kant, Hegel refuses to consider the effect of human instinct on human sensibility. Intellectually, he lays out a scintillating argument; in a way, our bourgeois, sociopolitical definition of "freedom" can be construed to mean the absence of guidance or human impact. However, freedom is not widely recognized as a canceling force in our lives because human instinct causes us to gravitate towards it, just as instinct allows for self-preservation, a hallmark of individual interest--the type of interest that Hegel would gladly negate. Predictably, individual interest is generated by none other than the self, to be precise, the intuitive, unconscious self which is not considered in the "highest actuality." Why not? Could it be that the self-consciousness which supposedly deconstructs universality informs the self-unconsciousness which composes it and vice versa, therefore leading even the least individualistic of people to a purely chemical individualism? Even by organic means, one can be lead back to the self; even in the work of Marx and Engels, there is room for the establishment of a new, possibly more organic self that both defies and supports the proletariat community.
At least bourgeois society recognizes the inevitable presence of the individual. "Class antagonisms" aside, the bourgeoisie allows an individualist to remain an individual, therefore creating a much more realistic society in which the self rationally contributes to the larger community.
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ReplyDeleteFrom another angle, the bourgeoisie-proletariat dichotomy simply takes the individual out of the picture. I see that distinction as pretty silly (see 'Quibbles with Karl'), but regardless Marx's materialism doesn't even consider individuals--his analysis is the various masses of humanity in an ever evolving battle for the means of production. That seems to me to be the most damning indictment of Marxism from a deontological standpoint. How can anyone in Marxian theory, bourgeoisie or proletariat, ever hope to escape their historical destiny? (Incorrectly) pigeonholing capitalist-worker relations as based on oppression denies any form of rational self-determination.
ReplyDelete"I'm not attached to the "modern bourgeois" notion of private property," so, pray tell, why are you going to the school you are going to--what allows you to do that?
ReplyDeleteThe Hegel aspect--Wow, heavy engagement! A note--Hegel refers this section to the FR, so it is not dealing directly with the IR or with history in its entirety (as abstract notion) but ONLY A MOMENT when this was the case. The fundamental tension as the Phenom of Spirit develops is that between particular and universal--for the individual and society as an instantiation of this. The end point occurs when we see ourselves as the particular that instantiates the universal (i.e., the universe (as particular) realizes itself as the universal (God)). It is amazing what you get out of one para of Hegel. You might consider reading the book--I think it might resonate for you in a way that it never did for me...
I would disagree with your argument that human beings are naturally inclined towards freedom. It is not part of the human instinct to live in a world where anything is possible. I agree with Hobbes when is comes to a subject such as this. Hobbes argues that in a state of nature (a state of freedom), people are inevitably going to go for the throats of others. In order to protect ourselves, or as you mention the human instinct for self-preservation, we form a social contract that limits what is possible. Maybe through rhetoric we are consciously inclined towards the ideal of absolute freedom, but I believe the instinctually human beings do not gravitate towards freedom, but instead create limits. I would also disagree with the idea that individual interest is generated by the instinctual self. I believe that individual interest is generated not by instinct, but instead by conscious thinking. Instinct generates the universal interests because instinctually all humans are the same. Every human searches for food when they are hungry, an action that is instinctual and universal.
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